Who paid for Brexit campaigning
Registered Remain campaigners reported spending more than Leave campaigners. What the Electoral Commission record shows — and what it leaves out.
Reported spending by registered campaigners
- Remain — 63 registered campaigners£19,309,588
- Leave — 60 registered campaigners£13,332,569
Returns as reported in March 2017; later enforcement findings are not incorporated. Bars share one scale; each is labelled. Electoral Commission, Report: the regulation of campaigners at the referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union held on 23 June 2016 ↗
Remain-side campaigners reported spending more, and Remain lost. Leave attracted marginally more in donations (52% to 48%) and reported spending considerably less. One result does not establish whether campaign spending affects outcomes: that needs studies across many contests, and reported spending excludes unregulated activity such as online content shared for free.
The full picture
£32.6m
Total reported spending
£32,642,158
£30.7m
Donations to non-party campaigners
Split 52% Leave / 48% Remain
£6.1m
Loans to non-party campaigners
Non-party campaigners; specific loan controls applied in 2016.
123
Registered campaigners
63 Remain, 60 Leave
The report’s donations table excludes political parties and donations between £500 and £7,500. These funding totals therefore have a different coverage from the spending total.
The two designated lead campaigns
Remain
The In Campaign Ltd (Britain Stronger In Europe)
£6,767,584
Leave
Vote Leave Ltd
£6,742,466
The two designated lead campaigns spent almost identical sums — £6.77m and £6.74m, a difference of £25,118 on £13.5m. Both had the same £7m limit; similar reported spending alone does not establish compliance with every rule. The £6m gap in overall side totals comes from everyone else: political parties and the 58 other registered campaigners. Combined, the two designated campaigns spent £13,510,049 — about 41% of all reported referendum spending. The report’s aggregate differs by £1 from the sum of its two published lead-campaign figures; the source totals are retained. Political parties accounted for £9,030,300 and 58 other registered campaigners for £10,101,809.
What these figures do not include
- The £9.3m the government spent on a pro-Remain information leaflet delivered to every household, which fell outside the regulated campaign period and is not in these totals.
- Donations and loans at or below £500, which were not counted as donations under the referendum rules at all.
- Spending by campaigners who did not register, which was capped at £10,000 and not reportable.
- The outcome of the Commission’s subsequent investigations, some of which resulted in fines and referrals — the figures above are the returns as submitted.
The government leaflet is the largest of these by value. Including it would put total pro-Remain spending above £28m against Leave’s £13.3m — but it fell outside the regulated period and so is not part of the statutory return, which is why it is listed here rather than added to the chart.
What the regulator said needed fixing
The Electoral Commission’s own verdict was that the financial controls worked and improved on previous referendums — while recommending changes to the permanent framework in its March 2017 report. Those recommendations should not be confused with an absence of controls at the 2016 referendum.
Make loan controls permanent
The 2016 referendum did have specific loan controls. The March 2017 report recommended adding them to the permanent PPERA referendum framework (paragraphs 3.4–3.8).
Make pre-poll reporting permanent
Campaigners submitted pre-poll reports of donations and loans over £7,500 in 2016. The Commission recommended retaining this transparency for future referendums (paragraphs 1.7–1.8 and Recommendation 9).
Company permissibility
The Commission recommended that government and Parliament revisit the permissibility rules on company donations, saying the current test does not fully meet the policy intention of preventing donations from foreign companies.
Rules were referendum-specific
Improvements made for the 2016 vote were legislated in the EU Referendum Act rather than in the permanent framework, so they lapse unless re-enacted. A future referendum would not automatically inherit them.
The March 2017 report found that the financial controls generally worked and recommended permanent framework reforms. These are dated recommendations; this page does not establish their implementation status in 2026.
Related: who funds the parties today and the three-level test before calling any donation influence, and what the campaigns spent that money saying.